Many plans achieve only partial success because they are not prepared as self-contained modules. In the modular approach, the plan is prepared as a closed system. Even where the plan is vast and requires division into smaller units for purposes of implementation, it should be prepared as a closed module of closed sub-modules. In case it becomes necessary to share human or material resources among the sub-modules, a notional closure should be used to make the module complete. Such an approach, in my opinion, gives many advantages, such as optimum utilisation of resources, more accurate scheduling and shorter time-lags among sequential activities during implementation.